Modal fe'llar (Modals)

Modal fe'llar imkoniyat, majburiyat, ruxsat, maslahat va taxminni bildiradi. Modaldan keyin V1 keladi: she can swim, he must go. Modaldan keyingi fe'lga to, -s yoki -ing qo'shilmaydi (ought to va have to da to o'zi bor).

Asosiy ma'nolari

Modal	Ma'nosi	Misol
can / could	qobiliyat, ruxsat	Can you help me?
may / might	ehtimol	It might rain later.
must	majburiyat yoki kuchli taxmin	You must wear a helmet.
have to	tashqi majburiyat	I have to get up at six.
should / ought to	maslahat	You should rest more.

Inkor shakllari

• mustn't: taqiq. You mustn't smoke here. Bu "qilish mumkin emas" degani.
• needn't / don't have to: zarurat yo'q. You needn't hurry. Bu "shart emas" degani, taqiq emas.
• can't: «bo'lishi mumkin emas» (xulosa). That can't be Sara; she is abroad.

mustn't va don't have to bir xil emas: birinchisi taqiq, ikkinchisi shart emas.

O'tmishdagi shakllar

1. must have + V3: shunday bo'lgan bo'lsa kerak
2. should have + V3: qilishi kerak edi, lekin qilmadi
3. might have + V3: bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin
4. can't have + V3: bo'lishi mumkin emas edi

Misollar: He must have left; his coat is gone. You should have called me. She might have missed the bus. They can't have arrived yet; the train is late.

should have + V3: afsus yoki tanqid. Harakat bajarilmagan. must have + V3: kuchli xulosa, chunki dalil bor.